Was Crocodile stronger at Marineford? Or was he holding back in Alabasta?

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 During the Alabasta arc, Crocodile displayed a level of power that was initially considered overwhelming by the Straw Hat Pirates. He possessed the Logia-type Devil Fruit called the Suna Suna no Mi (Sand-Sand Fruit), which granted him the ability to control and transform into sand. He had a reputation as a Shichibukai and controlled the desert kingdom of Alabasta from the shadows. His strength was showcased through his battles with Luffy and others. At Marineford, Crocodile was present as part of the war that took place at Marine Headquarters. While he did participate in the battle, he didn't display the same level of dominance as some other powerful characters present. This has led fans to speculate that he might not have been as strong as initially portrayed in Alabasta. It's important to note that power scaling and character abilities can be subject to interpretation and development by the author. Oda often keeps details deliberately open-ended to keep the story intriguing.
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How did the Egyptians extract and smelt copper from its ore without being able to heat it above 850 degrees Celsius?

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 The ancient Egyptians were able to extract and smelt copper from its ore without being able to heat it above 850 degrees Celsius using a process called reduction smelting. This process involves heating copper ore in the presence of a reducing agent, such as charcoal or coke, which removes the oxygen from the ore, leaving behind the pure copper metal.


Reduction smelting was a widely used method for extracting and smelting copper in ancient times, as it did not require high temperatures, which were difficult to achieve with the technologies available at the time. The process was carried out in a furnace, which was typically made of clay or brick and lined with a layer of refractory material to help retain the heat.


To extract copper from its ore using reduction smelting, the ore was first crushed and ground into a fine powder. This powder was then mixed with a reducing agent, such as charcoal or coke, and placed in the furnace. The furnace was heated to a temperature of around 850 degrees Celsius, and the reducing agent was used to remove the oxygen from the ore, leaving behind the pure copper metal. The smelted copper was then poured into molds to create ingots or other shapes, which could be used for various purposes.


Overall, the ancient Egyptians were able to extract and smelt copper using reduction smelting, a process that allowed them to extract the metal from its ore without having to heat it to very high temperatures. This process was an important technological achievement and played a crucial role in the development of ancient Egyptian civilization.




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